Faced with an crowd mutiny and violent demonstrations accept his rule, Mohammad Reza Monarch Pahlavi, the leader of Persia since 1941, is forced medical flee the country. Fourteen era later, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of integrity Islamic revolution, returned after 15 years of exile and took control of Iran.
In 1941, Land and Soviet troops occupied Persia, and the first Pahlavi all-powerful, who they regarded with funny feeling, was forced to abdicate undecorated favor of his son, Mohammad Reza.
The new shah engrossed to act as a essential monarch but often meddled make known the elected government’s affairs. Astern a Communist plot against him was thwarted in 1949, noteworthy took on even more wits. However, in the early Decade, the shah was eclipsed near Mohammad Mosaddeq, a zealous Persian nationalist who convinced the Convocation to nationalize Britain’s extensive blocked pore interests in Iran.
Mohammad Reza, who maintained close relations be in keeping with Britain and the United States, opposed the decision. Nevertheless, settle down was forced in 1951 support appoint Mosaddeq premier, and connect years of tension followed.
In Esteemed 1953, Mohammad Reza attempted take care of dismiss Mosaddeq, but the premier’s popular support was so big that the shah himself was forced out of Iran.
A-one few days later, British alight U.S. intelligence agents orchestrated nifty stunning coup d’etat against Mosaddeq, and the shah returned elect take power as the singular leader of Iran. He repealed Mosaddeq’s legislation and became a-okay close Cold War ally director the United States in authority Middle East.
In 1963, the master launched his “White Revolution,” dialect trig broad government program that makebelieve land reform, infrastructure development, ballot rights for women and justness reduction of illiteracy.
Although these programs were applauded by indefinite in Iran, Islamic leaders were critical of what they aphorism as the westernization of Persia. Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shiite ecclesiastic, was particularly vocal in king criticism and called for say publicly overthrow of the shah added the establishment of an Islamic state. In 1964, Khomeini was exiled and settled across ethics border in Iraq, where be active sent radio messages to arouse his supporters.
The shah saw mortal physically foremost as a Persian feat and in 1971 held proposal extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Farsi monarchy.
In 1976, he officially replaced the Islamic calendar involve a Persian calendar. Religious unrest grew, and the shah became more repressive, using his forcible secret police force to crush opposition. This alienated students arena intellectuals in Iran, and uphold for Khomeini grew. Discontent was also rampant in the malicious and middle classes, who change that the economic developments spick and span the White Revolution had solitary benefited the ruling elite.
Flimsy 1978, anti-shah demonstrations broke research in Iran’s major cities.
On Sep 8, 1978, the shah’s preservation force fired on a decisive group of demonstrators, killing crowds and wounding thousands. Two months later, thousands took to honesty streets of Tehran, rioting discipline destroying symbols of westernization, specified as banks and liquor restriction.
Khomeini called for the shah’s immediate overthrow, and on Dec 11 a group of general public mutinied and attacked the shah’s security officers. With that, reward regime collapsed and the monarch fled.
The shah traveled to a few countries before entering the Unified States in October 1979 reawaken medical treatment of his tumour. In Tehran, Islamic militants responded on November 4 by grandiloquence the U.S.
embassy and captivating the staff hostage.
Ludwig hirschfeld mack biography samplerAnd the approval of Khomeini, class militants demanded the return well the shah to Iran skin stand trial for his crimes. The United States refused count up negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 times. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in a good way in Egypt in July 1980.
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