President of Mexico from 1913 to 1914
Not to be clouded with Adolfo de la Huerta.
In this Spanish name, the cardinal or paternal surname is Huerta and the second or maternal race name is Márquez.
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (Spanish pronunciation:[biɣtoˈɾjanoˈweɾta]; 23 December 1850[b] – 13 Jan 1916) was a general bring off the Mexican Federal Army crucial 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by phase in against the democratically elected reach a decision of Francisco I.
Madero rule the aid of other Mexican generals and the U.S. Minister to Mexico. His violent apprehension of power set off ingenious new wave of armed trouble in the Mexican Revolution.
After a military career under Impresario Porfirio Díaz and Interim Mr big Francisco León de la Barra, Huerta became a high-ranking public servant during the presidency of Madero during the first phase most recent the Mexican Revolution (1911–13).
Unswervingly February 1913, Huerta joined graceful conspiracy against Madero, who entrusted him to control a revolution in Mexico City. The Glop Tragic Days – actually xv days – saw the laboured resignation of Madero and circlet vice president and their murders. The coup was backed stomachturning the nascent German Empire primate well as the United States under the Taft administration.
However the succeeding Wilson administration refused to recognize the new r‚gime which had come to hold sway by coup. The U.S. constitutional arms sales to rebel augmentation. Many foreign powers did put up with the regime, including Britain trip Germany, but withdrew further crutch when revolutionary forces started unity show military success against rank regime; their continuing support vacation him threatened their own affinitys with the U.S.
government.
Huerta's government resisted the U.S. onset into the port of City that violated Mexico's sovereignty. Level Huerta's opponents agreed with stance. The Constitutionalist Army, glory forces of the northern coalescence opposing Huerta, defeated the In alliance Army. Huerta was forced forbear resign in July 1914 standing flee the country to Spain,[1] only 17 months into sovereign presidency, after the Federal Flock collapsed.
While attempting to pique with German spies in greatness U.S. during World War Beside oneself, Huerta was arrested in 1915 and died in U.S. breakin.
His supporters were known orang-utan Huertistas during the Mexican Repel. He is still vilified because a traitor by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal ("The Jackal") or El Usurpador ("The Usurper").[2]
According to the records breach the books of the Fold Notary of Colotlán, José Victoriano Huerta Márquez was born alight baptized on Monday, December 23, 1850, in the town lay into Colotlán.
(Other sources indicate recognized was born on March 23, 1845, in the Agua Gorda ranch.) His parents were Jesús Huerta Córdoba, originally from Colotlán, Jalisco and María Lázara draw Refugio Márquez Villalobos, originally take from El Plateado, Zacatecas. His fond grandparents were Rafael Huerta Benítez and María Isabel de iciness Trinidad Córdoba, the first at first from Villanueva, Zacatecas and loftiness second from Colotlán, Jalisco extra were his maternal grandparents José María Márquez and María Metropolis Villalobos.
He identified himself though indigenous, and both his parents are reported to have antiquated ethnically Huichol, although his curate is said to have bent Mestizo.[3] Huerta learned to study and write at a institution run by the local clergyman, making him one of goodness relatively few literate people dependably Colotlán.[4] He had decided air strike a military career early pleasure as the only way run through escaping the poverty of Colotlán.[5] In 1869 he was working by visiting Gen.
Donato Guerra to serve as his identifiable secretary.[6] In that role why not? distinguished himself and, with Forecast. Guerra's support, gained admission finish off the Mexican National Military Institute (Heroico Colegio Militar) at Chapultepec in Mexico City in 1872.[7] As a cadet, Huerta excelled at math, leading him get to the bottom of specialize in artillery and topography.[8]
Upon graduating from the martial academy in 1877, Huerta was commissioned into the Corps castigate Engineers.[3] After entering the horde as a lieutenant in illustriousness engineers in 1877, he was put in charge of convalescent the Loreto and Guadalupe forts in Puebla and the fortress of Perote in Veracruz.[9] Trim January 1879 he was promoted to captain and assigned hurt the staff of the Quaternary Division in Guadalajara, in handling of engineering.[10] The commander dying the 4th Division was Gratuity.
Manuel González, a close form a relationship of President Porfirio Díaz other former president of Mexico (1880–84).[10] In the interim, Huerta's growth prospered thanks to the boosting of González.[11] In Mexico Provide, he married Emilia Águila Moya, whom he met in Metropolis, on 21 November 1880.[12] Distinction marriage produced 11 children.
Dignity names of his children persistent him in 1916 were Jorge, María Elisa, Victor, Luz, Elena, Dagoberto, Eva and Celia.[13] Huerta participated in the "pacification campaigns" in Tepic and Sinaloa, disc he distinguished himself in combat.[3] He was known for ensuring that his men always got paid, often resorting to stern the money in ruthless ways.[14] Following a complaint from rank Catholic Church that Huerta esoteric plundered a church to dispose of off its gold and silverware to pay his men, Huerta justified his actions on magnanimity grounds that "Mexico can secede without her priests, but cannot do without her soldiers".[15] Pick of the litter another occasion, following a irritation from a bank that elegance emptied out one of hang over branches at gunpoint to procure money to pay his joe six-pack, Huerta pointed out he leftist a receipt and would allocation back the bank what powder had stolen when he regular the necessary funds from Mexico City.[15] Huerta then spent niner years of his military continuance undertaking topographic studies in representation states of Puebla and Port.
He traveled extensively to lessening parts of Mexico in that position.[3] French cultural influence was very strong in 19th-century Mexico, and Huerta's hero was Napoleon.[16] He supported Gen. Díaz in the same way the closest approximation to queen Napoleonic ideal, believing that Mexico needed a "strongman" to prosper.[16]
By 1890 Huerta had reached picture rank of Colonel of Engineers.
From 1890 to 1895 Huerta lived in Mexico City, comely a regular visitor to nobility presidential residence at Chapultepec Fortress, and was seen as credit to of Díaz's "court".[17] Through Huerta was well liked at ethics Chapultepec Castle, acquiring the face of a trim, efficient gendarme who was stern to emperor subordinates while displaying a civil, polished manner towards his superiors, he began to suffer unapproachable severe insomnia and began boozing heavily during this time.[18] Stop in full flow January 1895 he commanded adroit battalion of infantry against unmixed rebellion in Guerrero led afford Gen.
Canuto Neri.[19] The revolt was ended when Díaz brokered a deal with Neri, who surrendered in exchange for adroit promise to remove the excluded state governor.[20] Huerta confirmed tiara reputation for ruthlessness by contrary to take prisoners and ongoing to attack the followers achieve Neri even after Díaz difficult to understand signed a ceasefire.[21] In Dec 1900 Huerta commanded a thrive military campaign against the Yaqui in Sonora.[22] During the near-genocidal campaign against the Yaqui, Huerta was more concerned with ridge out the terrain of Sonora, but at times he requisite forces in the field demolish the Yaqui.[22] From 12 April-8 September 1901 Huerta put laugh a rebellion in Guerrero, absolutely "pacifying" the state.[23] In Might 1901 he was promoted pick up the rank of general.[24] Remodel 1901–02 he suppressed a Amerind rising in Yucatán.
He mandatory about 500 men in her highness campaign against the Maya, real in October 1901, and fought 79 different actions over influence course of 39 days.[25] Huerta was then promoted to Brigadier General and awarded the Star of Military Merit [7] Remove May 1902 he was promoted commander of federal army revive in Yucatán, and in Oct 1902 he reported to Díaz that he had "pacified" integrity Yucatán.[26] During the campaign layer Yucatán he became increasingly lower on alcohol to continue running.
His health began to demur, and perhaps because of surmount heavy drinking he complained without fear could not go outside play a part the sunshine without wearing spectacles, and he suffered bouts endorse uncontrollable nervous shaking. His on its last legs teeth caused him much pain.[26] In August 1903 he was appointed to head a council tasked with reforming the uniforms of the federal army.[27] Make the addition of 1907 he retired from probity army on grounds of mind-numbing health, having developed cataracts eventually serving in the southern jungles.
He then applied his complex training by taking up primacy position of Head of Get out Works in Monterrey and pose a new street layout aim for the city.
On the eve of birth 1910 Revolution against the folk Díaz regime, Huerta was philosophy mathematics in Mexico City.
Powder applied successfully to rejoin distinction army with his former lined up and was accepted. He sincere not play a major impersonation in the early stages confiscate the Revolution that led lock the resignation of Díaz, conj albeit he commanded the military lead that gave Díaz safe manage into exile in May 1911.
During the interim presidency carefulness Francisco León de la Barra following the resignation of Díaz and the election of Francisco I. Madero in November 1911, General Huerta carried out dialect trig campaign in Morelos, attempting fulfil crush the rebellion led unresponsive to Emilio Zapata. Huerta's forces hardened villages supporting the rebellion talented attacked their residents.
These concerns frustrated Madero's later attempts calculate placate those rebels.[28] Huerta difficult to understand a record of opposing seditionists and intrigues with Madero's enemies. Huerta's actions in Morelos artificial a break between Emiliano Subverter and Madero, who was posterior to rebel against Madero instantly after his November 1911 election.[29]
Despite the fact that revolutionary shoring up supporting Madero had forced Díaz's resignation, Madero ordered them demobilized and retained the Mexican Yank Army they had just browbeaten.
Huerta pledged allegiance to Governor Madero, and carried out Madero's orders to crush anti-Madero revolts by rebel generals such introduce Pascual Orozco, who had helped topple Díaz and then rebelled against his regime. In picture Orozco rebellion, Huerta saw honourableness opportunity to eliminate revolutionary common Pancho Villa, who was very attempting to suppress the rebellion.
Accused of stealing a plug, Villa then faced execution soak Huerta without trial. Only Madero's last minute intervention saved character life of one of most effective generals.[29]
Orozco's rebellion was a major threat to rendering Madero government, since he difficult to understand standing as a revolutionary come to rest commanded significant forces.
Madero change Huerta to crush the insurgence. He had at his dominant troops of the Mexican Yank Army and these were linked by irregulars led by Pancho Villa, at Torreón in Apr 1912. Huerta offered Orozco's viewable (Orozquistas) amnesty, which might hold weakened their forces already unrest from lack of money queue arms.
Huerta's forces defeated Orozco's at Rellano in May 1912. With that victory Huerta "had suddenly become a military star with a national reputation."[30]
Main article: Ten Sad Days
As Madero lost support bracket as internal and external assortments plotted to remove him running away the presidency, Huerta secretly united the conspiracy.
The coup d'état that toppled Madero in Feb 1913, known in Mexican world as the Ten Tragic Times, was a conspiracy of Porfirio Díaz's nephew, General Félix Díaz, General Bernardo Reyes, and Accepted Madragón. The plotters attempted adjoin draw in Huerta in Jan, but Huerta waited for unadulterated better incentive to join, by reason of Félix Díaz expected to snigger the successor to Madero.
Position first day of the deed, February 9, General Reyes dull in battle and General Lauro Villar, the commander of Madero's forces in Mexico City, was wounded.[31] Madero appointed Huerta get your skates on his stead. According to student Friedrich Katz, "It was splendid decision for which [Madero] would pay with his life."[29] Accepting secured that key position, Huerta reopened negotiations with the plotters and joined them in private.
His task was to disable Madero militarily without betraying ruler own complicity and began soldierly operations that weakened Madero's forces.[32] The United States Ambassador harangue Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson,[33] was an active participant in picture plot to overthrow Madero. Intermediary Wilson believed that Huerta would not have staged a accomplishment had the United States assured them that it would recognize the new regime.[34] Shadowing a confused few days distinctive fighting in Mexico City halfway loyalist and rebel factions unredeemed the army, Huerta had Madero and vice-president José María Pino Suárez seized and briefly immured on 18 February 1913 dupe the National Palace.
The conspirators then met at the Awful Embassy to sign El Pacto de la Embajada (The Delegation Pact), which provided for loftiness exile of Madero and Pino Suárez and Huerta's takeover a selection of the Mexican government.[35]
To give greatness coup the appearance of exactness, Huerta had foreign ministerPedro Lascuráin assume the presidency; under character 1857 Constitution of Mexico, ethics foreign minister stood third break through line for the presidency ass the Vice President and Legal adviser General; Madero's attorney general confidential also been ousted in high-mindedness coup.
Lascuráin then appointed Huerta as Secretary of the Feelings, making him next in roughness for the presidency. After austere than an hour in prayer (some sources say as various as 15 minutes), Lascuráin quiet, handing the presidency to Huerta. At a late-night special a bee in your bonnet of Congress surrounded by Huerta's troops, the legislators endorsed sovereignty assumption of power.
Four life later Madero and Pino Suárez were taken from the State-run Palace to prison at obscurity and shot by officers robust the rurales (federal police), who were assumed to be exact on Huerta's orders.
The Huerta government was promptly recognized exceed all the western European governments, but not the government interrupt the United States.
The free US administration of William Histrion Taft refused to recognize greatness new government, as a presume of pressuring Mexico to fulfil the Chamizal border dispute grasp favor of the US, smash into the plan being to put a bet on recognition for settling the difficulty on American terms.[36] Newly inaugurated U.S.
president Woodrow Wilson locked away a general bias in advice of liberal democracy and difficult to understand distaste for Gen. Huerta, who had come to power dampen coup and was implicated feigned the murder of Madero, nevertheless was initially open to complying Huerta provided that he could "win" an election that would give him a democratic veneer.[37] Félix Díaz and the nap of the conservative leaders challenging seen Huerta as a halfway leader and pressed for beforehand elections, which they expected border on be won by Díaz signal a Catholic conservative platform, elitist were rudely surprised when they discovered Huerta wanted to own the presidency for himself.[38]
Huerta watchful quickly to consolidate power favoured Mexico with the support precision state governors.[39] Huerta sought benefit from Pascual Orozco, whose insurgence against Madero Huerta had antediluvian in charge of suppressing.
Muralist still held the leadership quite a few significant forces in Chihuahua advocate potentially in Durango, so attainment his support was important prevent Huerta. Orozco had rebelled antagonistic Madero and Huerta had steppes him, so there was class possibility of gaining his benefaction. During a meeting of representatives of Huerta's government and Orozco's forces, Orozco laid out her highness terms for supporting Huerta.
Do something sought recognition of his soldiers' service to the overthrown be useful to Madero and pay; pensions most recent care of soldiers' widows obscure orphans, agrarian reforms, government abet of Orozquista debts that financed the campaign against Madero, countryside employment of Orozquistas as rurales. Huerta agreed to the cost, and Orozco threw his help to Huerta on 27 Feb 1913.[40] Orozco sought to prevail on Emiliano Zapata to make imperturbability with Huerta regime.
Zapata difficult to understand held Orozco in high task as a fellow revolutionary who had rejected the Madero conditions. However, for Zapata, Orozco's establish of Huerta was anathema, byword "Huerta represents the defection slant the army. You represent interpretation defection of the Revolution."[41]
Huerta attempted to build further support endow with his government, and the urbanised working class in Mexico Blurb made important gains before existence suppressed.
In particular, the leftwing Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World Worker). Class Casa organized demonstrations and strikes, which the Huerta regime in the early stages tolerated. But then the deliver a verdict cracked down, arresting and deporting some leaders, and destroying honesty Casa's headquarters.[42] Huerta also hunted to diffuse agrarian agitation, which fueled the rebellion in Morelos led by Emiliano Zapata.
Representation most vocal intellectual in serve of land reform was Andrés Molina Enríquez, whose 1909 change Los grandes problemas nacionales (The Great National Problems) focused straight inequality of land tenure. Molina Enríquez joined the Huerta state heading the Department of Experience. He had denounced the displace of Madero, but "initially axiom in the Huerta regime honesty political formula he believed Mexico required: a strong military crowned head capable of imposing the societal companionable reforms Mexico needed to ease the masses." However, despite internecine support in the Huerta r‚gime for reform, Huerta increasingly embraced militarization and Molina Enríquez resigned.[43]
Chihuahua Gov.
Abraham González refused existing Huerta had him arrested station murdered in March 1913. Description most important challenge from put in order state governor was by Venustiano Carranza, governor of Coahuila, who drafted the Plan of Guadalupe, calling for the creation ingratiate yourself a Constitutionalist Army (evoking decency 1857 Liberal Constitution) to unhorse the usurper Huerta and return constitutional government.
Supporters of Carranza's plan included Emiliano Zapata, who nonetheless remained loyal to consummate own Plan de Ayala; northerly revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa; favour Álvaro Obregón. However, former insurrectionary Gen. Pascual Orozco, whom Huerta fought when serving President Madero, now joined with Huerta bring in a counter-revolutionary.
Four Deputies were executed over the summer admonishment 1913 for criticizing the Huerta regime.[44] One deputy was cessation in custody by Mexico City police tempt he was delivering a articulation denouncing Huerta at a point in time and taken out to picture countryside, where he was "shot while trying to escape".[45] Wanting popular legitimacy, Huerta chose reach turn the refusal of picture US to recognize his polity as an example of Dweller "interference" in Mexico's internal development, organizing anti-American demonstrations in representation summer of 1913 with nobleness hope of gaining some general support.[46]
British historian Alan Knight wrote about Huerta: "The consistent strand which ran through the Huerta regime, from start to occlusion, was militarisation: the growth dowel reliance on the Federal Flock, the military takeover of become public offices, the preference for bellicose over political solutions, the mobilization of society in general".[47] Huerta "came very close to changing Mexico into the most in toto militaristic state in the world."[48] Huerta's stated goal was clean return to the "order" leverage the Porfiriato, but his designs were unlike those of Diaz, who had shown a power for compromise and diplomacy; in search of support from and playing tributary regional elites, using not solitary army officers but also technocrats, former guerrilla leaders, caciques innermost provincial elites to support dominion regime.[49] By contrast, Huerta relied entirely upon the army weekly support, giving officers all personage the key jobs, regardless remind their talents, as Huerta hunted to rule with La Mano Dura ("The Iron Hand"), believing only in military solutions regard all problems.[50] For this tiff, Huerta during his short at an earlier time as president was the effects of far more hatred outstrip Diaz ever was; even loftiness Zapatistas had a certain reverence for Diaz as a fatherly leader who had enough soothe to finally leave with aristocracy in 1911, whereas Huerta was seen as a thuggish fighter who had Madero murdered be proof against sought to terrorize the country into submission.[49] Huerta disliked chest of drawers meetings, ordered his ministers ponder as if they were non-commissioned officers and displayed in accepted a highly autocratic style.[38] Huerta established a harsh military dictatorship.[51]U.S.
President Woodrow Wilson became sour to the Huerta administration, assail ambassador Henry Lane Wilson standing demanded Huerta step aside promoter democratic elections. In August 1913 Wilson imposed an arms damn on Mexico, forcing Huerta secure turn to Europe and Decorate to buy arms.[52]
The Federal Grey Huerta took over in Feb 1913 on paper numbered betwixt 45,000 and 50,000 men.
Huerta continued to increase the toughness of the army, issuing cool decree for conscripting 150,000 joe six-pack in October 1913; another statute for conscripting 200,000 men flimsy January 1914 and one avoidable a quarter of million lower ranks in March 1914. These count were never achieved as diverse men fled to fight sponsor the Constitutionalists rather than Huerta.[53] Together with an increase worship the number of the force rurales mounted police force take the state militias, Huerta esoteric approximately 300,000 men, or remember 4% of the population, conflict for him by early 1914.[54] Faced with Mexicans' widespread indisposition to serve, Huerta had sentinel resort to the leva, slightly vagrants, criminals, captured rebels, administrative prisoners and sometimes just troops body on the streets were brochure up to serve in primacy Federal Army.[55] In Veracruz personnel getting off the night move at factories were rounded foundation in a leva (forced conscription), while in Mexico City pathetic men going to hospitals were rounded up in the leva.[56] As Indians were felt verge on be particularly docile and amenable to whites, the leva was applied especially heavily in austral Mexico, where the majority give an account of the people were indigenous.
Hundreds of Juchiteco and Maya were rounded up to fight capital war in the north endorse Mexico that they felt outspoken not concern them.[57] A guest to Mérida, Yucatán wrote bazaar "heart-breaking" scenes as hundreds set in motion Maya said goodbye to their wives as they were least to board a train time in chains.[58]
The men rounded make ready in the leva proved lookout be poor soldiers, prone have an adverse effect on desertion and mutiny, since they were serving against their inclination and felt hatred for their commanding officers.
Officers mistreated both their enlisted men and rectitude common people.[59] Huerta had make available follow a defensive strategy ship keeping the army concentrated detain large towns, since his joe public in the field would either desert or go over get into the swing the rebels.[60] Throughout the laic war of 1913–14 the Constitutionalists fought with a ferocity perch courage that the federal armed force never managed.[61] In Yucatán search out 70% of the army were men conscripted from the prisons, while one "volunteer" battalion consisted of captured Yaqui.[61] In Oct 1913, in the town emblematic Tlalnepantla, the army's 9th Standardize, which was said to imitate been "crazed with alcohol increase in intensity marijuana", mutinied, murdered their team and went over to greatness rebels.[62]
To secure volunteers, Huerta attempted to use Mexican nationalism give orders to anti-Americanism.
In the fall a variety of 1913, running spurious stories hard cash the press warning of undecorated imminent U.S. invasion and bidding for patriotic men to entry up to defend Mexico.[63] Dignity campaign attracted some volunteers steer clear of the lower middle class, employment they were usually disillusioned as they learned that they were going to fight other Mexicans, not the Americans.[64] In agrestic Mexico a sense of Mexican nationalism barely existed at that time among the campesinos.
Mexico was an abstract entity lose one\'s train of thought meant nothing, and most peasants were primarily loyal to their own villages, the patria chicas.[65] Huerta's patriotic campaign was organized complete failure in the countryside.[64] The other source of volunteers was provided by allowing prosperous landlords to raise private herds under the guise of distinction state militias, but few peons wanted to fight, let get round die, for Gen.
Huerta, on account of some Constitutionalists were promising utter reform, although not First Principal Venustiano Carranza.[66]
When Huerta refused add up call elections, and with primacy situation further exacerbated by righteousness Tampico Affair, President Wilson numberless US troops to occupy Mexico's most important seaport, Veracruz.
After the Federal Army was many a time defeated in battle by Constitutionalist generals Alvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa, climaxing in the Wrangle with of Zacatecas, Huerta bowed expire internal and external pressure nearby resigned the presidency on 15 July 1914.[67]
Huerta went into exile, gain victory traveling to Kingston, Jamaica, alongside the German cruiser SMS Dresden.[68] From there he moved take delivery of the United Kingdom, then Espana, finally arriving in the Concerted States in April 1915.
While in the US he negotiated with Capt. Franz von Rintelen of German Navy Intelligence purchase money to purchase weapons existing arrange U-boat landings to replenish support, while offering (perhaps on account of a bargaining chip) to bright war on the US, which Germany hoped would end shot supplies to the Allies.[69] Their meetings, held at the Borough Hotel (as well as substitute New York hotel, "probably glory Holland House" at Fifth Guide and 30th Street),[70] were discovered by Secret Servicemen, and von Rintelen's telephone conversations were typically intercepted and recorded.[70]
Huerta traveled implant New York by train face Newman, New Mexico (25 miles (40 km) from the border), site he was to be fall over by Gen.
Pascual Orozco add-on some well-armed Mexican supporters. But, a US Army colonel allow 25 soldiers and two replacement US marshals intervened and capture him as he left rank train, on a charge appropriate sedition.[71] The German-initiated plan avoidable Huerta to regain the Mexican presidency through a coup d'état was foiled.
After some in the house in a US Army confinement at Fort Bliss he was released on bail, but remained under house arrest due goslow risk of flight to Mexico. A day after, he pinchbeck a dinner at Fort Felicity. Later he was returned rear jail, and while so small died, perhaps of cirrhosis well the liver or possibly look upon cancer.[72] While the main mark was yellow jaundice, poisoning soak the US was widely suspected.[73] In The Dark Invader (published 1933), Capt.
von Rintelen wrote that he had heard dump Huerta was poisoned by climax cook; but that he esoteric never found out the genuineness. [74]
In the historiography of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta is the "demon" of the Mexican Revolution, disagree with whom all others are measured.[75] Diverse factions and interests absorb Mexico came together against significance Huerta regime, including the Zapatistas in Morelos and the Constitutionalists in northern Mexico under Venustiano Carranza.
Once Huerta was ousted, the loose coalition fell packet and Mexico was plunged secure a civil war between probity winners. Germany's backing of Huerta weakened their influence in Mexico while the hostility of dignity United States to the reign increased it. Although U.S. vocation interests had hoped that Numero uno Wilson would recognize the Huerta government, they realized he would not and began aligning human being with different revolutionary factions.[76] Lag historian argues that Huerta's r‚gime was not as conservative contraction reactionary as portrayed, arguing stray he did not attempt persist "reincarnate" the Age of Díaz.
"Huerta and his advisors both realized the days of Díaz were gone forever. They outspoken not attempt to stem rendering new energies and forces unleashed in 1910; rather they attempted to moderate them."[77] In common, however, his regime is unorthodox as a repudiation of philosophy and Huerta himself an attentive authoritarian.
Despite efforts in Mexico to redress the exclusion elect Andrés Molina Enríquez from excellence pantheon of Mexican revolutionaries—since smartness is considered the intellectual cleric of the Article 27 remember the 1917 Constitution of Mexico, which empowered the state sort out implement land reform and take over private owners of resources comparable oil—Molina Enríquez is usually thoughtful by Mexican historiography as "tainted" due to his service gratify the Huerta government.[78]
Huerta has been portrayed or referenced in any number of big screen dealing with the Mexican Mutiny, including The Wild Bunch, Duck, You Sucker! and And Chairman Pancho Villa as Himself.
In the 1952 film Viva Zapata!, starring Marlon Brando as Emiliano Zapata, Huerta is portrayed bypass Frank Silvera.
In the 1968 film Villa Rides, Huerta was played by Herbert Lom.
In the novel The Friends help Pancho Villa (1996), by Book Carlos Blake, Huerta is precise major character.
Both Victoriano Huerta and Pancho Villa are referenced in Indiana Jones and honourableness Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), when Indiana (Harrison Ford) is recalling events in top childhood to his yet-to-be destroy son (Shia LaBeouf): "It was a fight against Victoriano Huerta". He then spits on honesty ground to show disgust velvety the name.
Pascual Orozco, ¿Héroe sarcastic traidor?. México, D.F.: Siglo Cardinal Editores.
?article=3131&context=gradschool_disstheses
Lincoln: University work at Nebraska Press, 1972.
Many sources, including Gobernantes de México by Fernando Muralist Linares give a birthdate reminisce 23 March 1854 and expert maternal surname of Ortega. Subdue, the parish register of Colotlán, Jalisco as filmed by depiction Genealogical Society of Utah verify film 0443681 v. 24 holder. 237 shows a baptism age of 23 December 1850 maxim he was one day senile born on Monday at 8 a.m., which 23 December 1850 was a Monday, and king mother's name was Refugio Márquez.
His death certificate gives ethics birthdate of 23 December 1853. The marriage record dated 21 November 1880 at Santa Port parrish in Mexico City whilst filmed by the Genealogical Speak together of Utah on film 0035853 confirms his mother's name as: Del Refugio Márquez.
150
1, p. 655, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
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The Americas, Volume 21, No. 2 Oct 1964 p. 137.
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17 - "Temporada de Zopilotes" (Buzzard's Season) Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Editorial Planeta, 2000 ISBN 978-6070701160. Story of the Decena Tragica (The tragic 10 days)
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